Tashkent’s Hidden Relic

By Ian MacWilliam, BBC News, in Tashkent

The Uthman Qur`an is the oldest in the world

In an obscure corner of the Uzbek capital, Tashkent, lies one of Islam’s most sacred relics – the world’s oldest Qur`an.

It is a reminder of the role which Central Asia once played in Muslim history – a fact often overlooked after seven decades of Soviet-imposed atheism.

The library where the Qur`an is kept is in an area of old Tashkent known as Hast-Imam, well off the beaten track for most visitors to this city.

It lies down a series of dusty lanes, near the grave of a 10th century scholar, Kaffel-Shashi.

The Mufti of Uzbekistan, the country’s highest religious leader, has his offices there, in the courtyard of an old madrassa.

Just across the road stands a non-descript mosque and the equally unremarkable Mui-Mubarak, or “Sacred Hair”, madrassa, which houses a rarely seen hair of the Muslim Prophet Muhammad (s), as well as one of Central Asia’s most important collections of historical works.

“There are approximately 20,000 books and 3000 manuscripts in this library,” said Ikram Akhmedov, a young assistant in the mufti’s office.

“They deal with mediaeval history, astronomy and medicine. There are also commentaries on the Qur`an and books of law. But the oldest book here is the Uthman Qur`an from the seventh century.”

Sacred verses

The Uthman Qur`an was compiled in Medina by Uthman, the third caliph or Muslim leader. Before him, the sacred verses which Muslims believe Allah gave to Muhammad (s) were memorized, or written on pieces of wood or camel bone.

The Mufti of Uzbekistan has his office in the area. To prevent disputes about which verses should be considered divinely inspired, Uthman had this definitive version compiled. It was completed in the year 651, only 19 years after Muhammad’s (s) passing.

This priceless Qur`an is kept in a special glass-fronted vault built into the wall of a tiny inner room.

About one-third of the original survives – about 250 pages – a huge volume written in a bold Arabic script.

“The Qur`an was written on deerskin,” said Mr Akhmedov. “It was written in Hejaz in Saudi Arabia, so the script is Hejazi, similar to Kufic script.”

It is said that Caliph Uthman made five copies of the original Qur`an. A partial Qur`an now in the Topkapi Palace in Istanbul is said to be another of these original copies.

Historical text

Uthman was murdered by a rebellious mob while he was reading his book. A dark stain on its pages is thought to be the caliph’s blood. It was Uthman’s murder that precipitated the Shia-Sunni divide which has split the Muslim world ever since.

Later disputes over the succession led to a division between the mainstream Sunnis, and supporters of Uthman’s immediate successor, Ali, who became Shias.
The story of how the Uthman Qur`an came to Tashkent is a remarkable one.

After Uthman’s death it is believed it was taken by Caliph Ali to Kufa, in modern Iraq. Seven hundred years later, when the Central Asian conqueror, Tamerlane, laid waste to the region, he found the Qur`an and took it home to grace his splendid capital, Samarkand.

It stayed there for more than four centuries, until the Russians conquered Samarkand in the 1868. The Russian governor then sent the Uthman Qur`an to St Petersburg where it was kept in the Imperial Library.

But after the Bolshevik revolution, Lenin was anxious to win over the Muslims of Russia and Central Asia. Initially he sent the Qur`an to Ufa in modern Bashkortostan.

But finally, after repeated appeals from the Muslims of Tashkent, it was returned once more to Central Asia in 1924. It has remained in Tashkent ever since.

Visiting dignitaries from the Muslim world often turn up to see the Uthman Qur`an in the depths of old Tashkent, so it is odd that it is still kept in such an out of the way location.

But the authoritarian Uzbek government has inherited a Soviet-era distrust of Islam, and still views much of its own Islamic history with suspicion.

The mufti’s official religious establishment is closely watched and takes care not to attract too much attention to itself.

As a result, its greatest treasure, the world’s oldest Qur`an, continues to sit quietly in the medieval quarter of old Tashkent.

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